Madagascar has passed a law allowing for the chemical and, in some cases, surgical castration of paedophiles found guilty of raping children.
The law has prompted criticism from international rights groups, but also found support from activists who say it's an appropriate deterrent to curb a “rape culture”.
Parliament in the Indian Ocean island nation of 28 million passed the law on February 2 and the Senate, the upper house, approved it last week.
It must now be ratified by the High Constitutional Court and signed into law by President Andry Rajoelina, who first raised the issue in December.
His government proposed the law change.
Justice Minister Landy Mbolatiana Randriamanantenasoa said it's a necessary move because of an increase in child rape cases.
In 2023, 600 cases of the rape of a minor were recorded, she said, and 133 already in January this year.
“Madagascar is a sovereign country which has the right to modify its laws in relation to circumstances and in the general interest of the people," Randriamanantenasoa said.
“The current penal code has not been enough to curb the perpetrators of these offences."
Surgical castration “will always be pronounced” for those guilty of raping a child under the age of 10, according to the law's wording.
Cases of rape against children between the ages of 10 and 13 will be punished by surgical or chemical castration.
The rape of minors between ages 14 and 17 will be punished by chemical castration.
Offenders would also face sterner sentences of up to life in prison as well as castration.
"We wanted to protect children much more. The younger the child, the greater the punishment,” Randriamanantenasoa said.
Chemical castration is the use of drugs to block hormones and decrease sexual desire.
It is generally reversible by stopping the drugs.
Surgical castration is a permanent procedure.
Several countries and some US states — including California and Florida — allow for chemical castration for some sex offenders.
Surgical castration as a punishment is much more rare.
The use of both is highly contentious.
The United Nations Children's Fund and others have often highlighted the high rates of sexual abuse against children in Madagascar, which also has one of the world's highest poverty rates.
Some non-governmental organisations say the real number of child rapes is even higher than the official figures, but many cases go unreported because it is such a taboo subject and victims are often ashamed.
A large portion of child rape cases are incestuous, according to the NGOs.
Madagascar's new law was criticised by rights group Amnesty International as “inhuman and degrading treatment” that was inconsistent with the country's constitutional laws.
The law should focus on protecting victims, said Nciko wa Nciko, an adviser for Madagascar at Amnesty.
"On the island, complaint procedures and trials are not carried out anonymously," he said.
"There is a lack of confidence in the Malagasy criminal justice system, due to opacity and corruption.
"And reprisals against rape victims are frequent. However, the law does not combat these factors."
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Nciko added that surgical castration was a problematic criminal sentence if anyone who underwent it was later exonerated of a crime on appeal.
He also raised doubts over the capabilities of medical authorities to carry out the procedures.
But amid the criticism, some activists in Madagascar agree with the change in the law because nothing else seems to be working.
“There really is a rape culture in Madagascar," Jessica Lolonirina Nivoseheno of the Women Break the Silence group, which campaigns against rape and supports victims, said.
“We are in the process of normalising certain cases of sexual violence, also minimising the seriousness of these cases.
"(The new law) is progress, because it is a deterrent punishment. This could prevent potential attackers from taking action ... but only if we, as citizens, are aware of the existence and importance of this new penalty.”
